Classroom Discussion

RATIONALE & RESEARCH

Creating a climate and structures for meaningful dialogue and debate in the classroom is a vital part of preparing young people for civic participation. This type of education holds the potential to model civic dialogue and enable students to practice engaging in it themselves, as well as to connect government and elections to issues that young people care about in their daily lives.

Research tells us:

"Young people are most likely to become civically active when they can connect with issues and movements that are directly relevant to them." ("Getting Young People to Vote: Seven Tips for the Classroom”, 2019)
"We asked respondents to recall their high school years and to say whether students had a say in how the school was run, whether students could respectfully disagree with teachers, whether students were encouraged to express their own opinions, and whether students felt part of a community where people cared about each other. Scoring higher on these measures slightly predicted voting and registration, more strongly predicted political and campaign knowledge, but was not related to ideology, partisanship or voting consistently with one’s own policy stances." (“What do Young Adults Know about Politics?”, 2013)
"We argue that it is important to help young people develop the habit of engaging in productive, crosscutting discussions about contentious social issues during their high school years rather than after their political identities become firmly entrenched and closed to alternative perspectives." ("Teaching Controversial Issues in a Time of Polarization”, 2018)
"Failing to develop the necessary skills for productive discussions of controversial issues can result in serious consequences, including the propensity to avoid politics altogether. Indeed, adult Americans are becoming averse to normal and legitimate political conflict. Because they have this aversion to conflict—and because they lack experience engaging with people with whom they disagree—a growing number of Americans are less likely to participate in the political realm." ("Teaching Controversial Issues in a Time of Polarization”, 2018)

LESSON PLANS & RESOURCES

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Preparation & Protocols

Fostering Civil Discourse

The ideas and tools within this guide, from Facing History, are designed to help prepare your classroom and your students to practice civil discourse, an essential skill for effective civic participation. They cover the following concepts:
1. Start with Yourself,
2. Develop a Reflective Classroom Community.
3. Create a Classroom Contract,
4. Provide Opportunities for Student Reflection,
5. Establish a Safe Space for Sensitive Topics, and
6. Implement Effective Teaching Strategies.
Resource Guide

Building a Classroom Community for Deliberation

This lesson plan from Close Up offers guidance and discussion prompts to to guide your students in developing classroom rules and norms for deliberation.
Lesson plan

Back to School Toolkit

This one-week unit is designed to help support your teaching in the opening days of a US History course and to develop students' social-emotional skills in order to engage in an open and supportive classroom community. These first class periods are important to establish classroom norms and an inclusive environment where students honor and value differing perspectives, question assumptions, and actively listen to others.
Unit Plan, Lesson Plans

Curriculum Design Toolkit: Creating a Safe & Reflective Classroom

Illinois Civics Hub has created a Curriculum Design Toolkit to help civics teachers audit their current curriculum, create a climate conducive to civic learning, and curate high-quality resources to support the proven practices of civics education. This page shares resources and strategies for building a classroom environment conducive to student engagement, dialogue, and learning.
Resources, Teacher PD

Building a Virtual Community

Close Up's Building a Virtual Community helps students work together to identify issues impacting their community and the world at large—issues that they care about and would like to discuss with their class. After identifying these issues, students will collaborate to establish an agreed upon set of rules and norms to help keep their future discussions civil, organized, and productive.

Lesson Plan, MS/HS

Curriculum Design Toolkit: Current and Societal Issue Discussions

This resource compilation, from the team at IllinoisCivics.org, includes materials to help teachers facilitate knowledge grounding for discussion and then planning and facilitating productive student dialogues. It offers sources for content-rich texts as well as discussion strategies and structures and tools for helping students generate their own questions.
Resources, Teacher PD

60 Minutes of Deliberation

Use this Close Up lesson plan to structure students' critical analysis an discussion of any controversial issue.
Lesson plan

Current and Controversial Issue Discussions

This course focuses on understanding the purpose, role, function, and process of using discussion strategies as pedagogical tools to equip young people with the knowledge, dispositions, and skills to be “Guardians of Democracy”.
Teacher PD

Understanding Values and Tensions

Before engaging students in animated policy debates, use this Close Up Lesson Plan to invite students to reflect on their personal values and explore how these come into tension within consideration of modern political issues.
Lesson Plan

Microcredential:
Teaching with Current Events

The micro-credential is designed to help educators think critically about two essential questions:
1. How can I help students understand and evaluate the news/media they consume?
2. How can I prepare students to have reflective and respectful discussions about current events, especially those that may be emotional or divisive?
Teacher PD

Controversial Issue Discussion

This webinar, facilitated by TFDA members and featuring (beginning at 17:30) Paula McAvoy, one of the authors of The Political Classroom: Evidence and Ethics in Democratic Education, explores strategies and resources for structuring discussions of political issues in the classroom.
Teacher PD

Current Events Teacher Checklist

Download a printable PDF workbook of Facing History's teacher checklist for preparing to teach current events to middle and high school students. It includes recommended news sources, key questions to ask as yourself as you plan, and strategies for navigating emotionally difficult or complex topics.
Teacher Resource

How to Get Along with our Political Opposites

This resource, by PBS NewsHour Extra and shared via the AFT's Share My Lesson platform, offers a summary, video, and discussion questions for us to help students explore causes for, repercussions of, and ways to navigate political tensions.
Discussion Guide

When Discourse Breaks Down

Download the materials from this professional development webinar about strategies for navigating common challenges during class discussions and debates, facilitated by Close Up and shared on the AFT's Share My Lesson platform.
Teacher PD

Discussing the Issues

Immigration

Using this student-facing resource from Close Up, students consider six proposals for reforming the immigration system, identify the advantages and drawbacks of each, and discuss which proposals they would support or oppose, as well as suggest other ideas for addressing the issue.
Student Guide, HS, Virtual

Gun Violence in Schools

With this student-facing resource from Close Up, students examine five proposals to make schools safer and reduce gun violence, and determine how enforceable, just, and effective each proposal may be. They then discuss which proposals they would favor, change, or reject, and suggest other proposals for enhancing school safety.
Student Guide, HS, Virtual

Climate Change

This Close Up student guide leads students in evaluating six proposals that the United States could incorporate into its energy and environmental policies, considering the pros and cons of each proposal, and determining which options they would be most likely to support.
Student Guide, HS, Virtual

Opioid Crisis

With this Close Up student-facing resource, students will explore the background of the opioid crisis, examine actions promised by the Trump administration, and weigh the pros and cons of the paths forward. Then they'll consider which level of government should be responsible for combating the opioid crisis, and outline their own policy prescriptions.
Student Guide, HS, Virtual

Legalization of Marijuana

Use this fact sheet and reflection or discussion questions from Close Up to help students understand the news, statistics, and arguments around legalizing marijuana in the US.
Discussion Guide

Free College

Use this fact sheet and reflection or discussion questions from Close Up to help students understand the news, statistics, and arguments around making public college free in the US.
Discussion Guide

Student Loan Repayment

Use this summary, video, and set of discussion questions about an experiment in Maine to retain their state population by repaying residents' student loans (created by PBS NewsHour Extra and shared on the AFT's Share My Lesson platform) to provoke a conversation among students on the implications of student debt and strategies for tackling it.
Discussion Guide

Medicare for All

Using this student-facing resource from Close Up, students consider whether the government should establish a Medicare for All approach to healthcare and discuss whether the government should play a role in providing healthcare in the United States.
Student Guide, HS, Virtual

Responding to COVID-19 Pandemic

Using this student-facing resource from Close Up, students consider six proposals for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. They identify the advantages and drawbacks of each, and discuss which proposals they would support or oppose, as well as suggest other ideas for addressing the issue.
Student Guide, HS, Virtual

Big Money in Elections

This article, from NCSS' journal Social Education, offers background information on and excerpts from the Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission (FEC) decision, as well as pro/con arguments discussing proposed resolutions to amend the Constitution to strengthen Congress’s ability to limit corporate funding of election activities, and ideas for engaging students in exploring this topic.
Reference, Lesson Plan

Gerrymandering

This guide, from Bites Media, offers a student-friendly overview of gerrymandering, including a basic summary of what it is and why it matters, explanatory video, popular arguments for using or losing the practice, and questions and resources for further reflection and discussion.
Student Guide

Should Non-Citizens be Allowed to Vote?

This discussion guide shares background knowledge and a radio clip explaining the issue from the lens of one community's debates, discussion questions, and links to associated Facing History resources.
Discussion Guide

Voting By Mail:
Should More States Allow It?

This discussion guide shares a summary of the argument, a radio clip showcasing how one community is thinking about the opportunity, discussion questions, and links to associated Facing History resources.
Discussion Guide

Vote By Mail

Using this student-facing resource from Close Up, students consider whether states should adopt voting by mail to increase access and participation.
Student Guide, HS, Virtual

Voting Age in the U.S.

This guide, from Bites Media, offers a student-friendly overview of vote by mail systems and alternative forms of voting, including a basic summary of the origins and status of vote by mail systems, explanatory video, popular arguments for/against the process, and questions and resources for further reflection and discussion.
Student Guide

Lowering the Voting Age

This guide, from Bites Media, offers a student-friendly overview of the history and status of the voting age in the U.S., including videos, popular arguments for/against lowering the voting age to 16, and questions and resources for further reflection and discussion.
Student Guide

Direct Links to Current Events

Current Issues Blog

Close Up's Current Issues Blog helps teachers connect news stories to their classrooms and students, easily and in real time. The blog is updated weekly with links to classroom-ready news items, relevant context, and suggested discussion questions for teachers.
Articles, Discussion Guides

Current Events: Democracy and Civic Engagement

This resource from Facing History compiles Teaching Ideas, teacher webinars, blog posts, and other resources created in real-time to address current events related to democracy and civic engagement.
Unit Plans, Lesson Plans, Teacher PD, Reference

Facing Today

Stay tuned to Facing History's blog, Facing Today, for timely coverage of current events and an exploration of issues and perspectives at the heart of Facing History's work.
Articles

Super Civics 2020

Track PBS NewsHour Extra's ongoing coverage of issues related to the 2020 elections through its Super Civics 2020 series.
Articles, Discussion Guides

Beyond the Classroom Walls

Connecting Across Communities

The Close Up Conversation Series is an online program that pairs students from your classroom with students in classrooms with different geographic, demographic, and ideological profiles, encouraging them to build understanding and empathy for different viewpoints. All curricular materials—including lesson plans, in-class activities, and teacher guides—are provided, allowing you to easily and thoroughly prepare your students for meaningful dialogue.
Program, MS/HS, Virtual

STORIES

Structured Academic Controversy

This video, from Chicago Public Schools and CERG, guides viewers in examining and witnessing the protocol of Structured Academic Controversy as a method to help students dig into controversial topics in the classroom. Within the procedure, students read and analyze text, develop respectful group discussion skills, practice building consensus, and write (informal) policy statements.

Importance of High Quality Discussion

In this video, from Chicago Public Schools and CERG, students and teachers examine the important role of and methods for encouraging students' discussion of civic and potentially controversial issues in the classroom.

Student-Centered Civic Discussion and Deliberation

This video, produced by Chicago Public Schools and CERG, focuses on the importance and elements of student-centered civic discussion and deliberation in classrooms and schools. Also watch one high school English teacher lead her students through a deliberation approach called the "co-pilot" strategy.